LA to NYC Flight Time: 2023 Guide


LA to NYC Flight Time: 2023 Guide

The length of air journey between Louisiana and New York varies based mostly on a number of components. Origin and vacation spot airports inside every state play a major function, as flights from Shreveport to Buffalo will naturally differ in size from New Orleans to New York Metropolis. Connecting flights sometimes add to the entire journey time in comparison with direct routes. Different influences embrace climate circumstances, air visitors management, and the particular plane used.

Understanding typical journey durations facilitates environment friendly journey planning. Whether or not for enterprise or leisure, correct estimations of journey time enable vacationers to schedule connecting flights, floor transportation, and conferences successfully. Historic knowledge on these routes can reveal developments in flight length, doubtlessly influenced by technological developments in aviation or adjustments in air visitors patterns. This info is efficacious for each particular person vacationers and companies working between the 2 states.

This text will discover the aforementioned components intimately, offering vacationers with the mandatory info to plan their journeys successfully. Particular route examples, common flight occasions, and sources for real-time flight monitoring might be mentioned.

1. Origin Airport

The departure airport in Louisiana considerably influences the general flight time to New York. Distance to the vacation spot, obtainable routes, and typical flight schedules all fluctuate relying on the origin level. Deciding on probably the most applicable airport is essential for environment friendly journey planning.

  • Geographical Location

    Louisiana’s main airports are dispersed geographically. Flights originating from Shreveport within the northern a part of the state will inherently require longer durations to succeed in New York in comparison with flights from New Orleans, situated additional south and nearer to the East Coast. This geographical issue instantly correlates with flight time.

  • Accessible Airways and Routes

    Completely different Louisiana airports provide various airline choices and route networks. Bigger airports like Louis Armstrong New Orleans Worldwide Airport (MSY) sometimes have extra direct flights to New York, doubtlessly decreasing journey time in comparison with smaller regional airports like Baton Rouge Metropolitan Airport (BTR) which could require connecting flights. The supply of direct versus connecting routes performs a key function in figuring out general flight length.

  • Scheduled Flight Frequencies

    Flight frequency from every origin airport impacts journey flexibility and doubtlessly the general journey size. Airports with fewer scheduled flights might necessitate longer layovers or much less handy departure occasions, not directly rising the time spent touring. Busier airports typically present extra choices, permitting for optimized itineraries and minimized journey durations.

  • Native Site visitors and Floor Transportation

    Whereas in a roundabout way associated to air time, the time required to succeed in the departure airport also needs to be factored into general journey planning. Airports in bigger metropolitan areas like New Orleans might expertise extra visitors congestion, impacting the time wanted to succeed in the gate. Contemplating floor transportation time ensures correct journey estimates from door to door.

Cautious consideration of the origin airport, together with its geographical location, obtainable routes, and related floor transportation time, is crucial for minimizing general journey time to New York. Evaluating these components at the side of the specified vacation spot airport and most well-liked airways permits vacationers to optimize their itineraries and arrive effectively.

2. Vacation spot Airport

The chosen arrival airport in New York considerably impacts general journey time from Louisiana. Various distances from Louisiana, obtainable floor transportation choices, and potential airport congestion contribute to the entire length of the journey. Deciding on probably the most appropriate vacation spot airport requires cautious consideration of those components.

  • Airport Location and Proximity to Last Vacation spot

    New York gives a number of airports serving completely different areas inside the state. A flight touchdown at John F. Kennedy Worldwide Airport (JFK) in Queens is likely to be geographically nearer to a particular vacation spot in Manhattan in comparison with Newark Liberty Worldwide Airport (EWR) in New Jersey, doubtlessly decreasing floor transportation time. Selecting an airport closest to the ultimate vacation spot minimizes general journey length.

  • Floor Transportation Choices and Accessibility

    Every New York airport offers completely different floor transportation choices, affecting journey time and comfort. Airports with available subway connections, like LaGuardia Airport (LGA), can provide quicker entry to sure metropolis areas in comparison with airports requiring taxi or ride-sharing providers. Evaluating the obtainable transportation infrastructure at every airport informs decision-making concerning journey effectivity.

  • Airport Dimension and Potential for Congestion

    Bigger airports like JFK typically expertise greater passenger volumes, resulting in potential delays throughout baggage declare, customs, or safety checks. These components can add to the general journey time, notably throughout peak seasons. Contemplating airport dimension and anticipated congestion ranges aids in sensible journey time estimations.

  • Flight Availability and Schedules

    The frequency of flights from Louisiana to particular New York airports additionally influences scheduling flexibility and general journey size. Airports with fewer direct flights from Louisiana might necessitate longer layovers or inconvenient arrival occasions, impacting complete journey time. Checking obtainable flight choices to every potential vacation spot airport helps streamline journey planning.

Optimizing the arrival airport choice necessitates contemplating these components in relation to the origin airport in Louisiana and particular person journey wants. Evaluating airport location, floor transportation, potential congestion, and flight schedules permits vacationers to reduce general journey time and maximize effectivity upon arrival in New York.

3. Direct vs. Connecting Flights

The selection between direct and connecting flights considerably impacts the general journey time between Louisiana and New York. Direct flights provide the quickest route, eliminating the time spent throughout layovers, deplaning and re-boarding, and navigating connecting airports. This effectivity interprets to shorter journey durations, typically most well-liked by enterprise vacationers or these with tight schedules. For instance, a direct flight from New Orleans to New York Metropolis may take roughly three hours, whereas a connecting flight by way of Atlanta might prolong the journey to 5 – 6 hours, relying on the layover length.

Connecting flights, whereas typically cheaper, introduce a number of variables that may improve general journey time. Layover durations, which may vary from a brief hour to an prolonged in a single day keep, instantly add to the entire time spent touring. Moreover, the danger of missed connections on account of flight delays will increase the potential for vital disruptions and prolonged journey occasions. As an illustration, a delayed flight from Shreveport to Charlotte, supposed as a connection to New York, might trigger passengers to overlook their onward flight, requiring rebooking and doubtlessly an in a single day keep, drastically affecting arrival time. Connecting flights additionally necessitate navigating a number of airports, including time for transfers between terminals, safety checks, and baggage retrieval.

Deciding on the optimum flight kind requires cautious consideration of each time and funds constraints. Whereas direct flights provide pace and comfort, connecting flights can present value financial savings, notably for longer distances. Vacationers prioritizing effectivity and minimizing journey time ought to prioritize direct routes. These with extra versatile schedules and funds issues may discover connecting flights a viable possibility, offered they consider potential delays and prolonged layovers when estimating complete journey time. Understanding the trade-offs between direct and connecting flights empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable choices aligning with their particular person wants and priorities when touring between Louisiana and New York.

4. Airline

Airline choice performs an important function in figuring out flight length between Louisiana and New York. Completely different airways function various plane sorts with completely different cruising speeds. This instantly impacts flight time, as a quicker plane will naturally cowl the gap extra shortly. As an illustration, a more recent plane with a better cruising pace operated by Airline A may full the journey from New Orleans to New York in a shorter timeframe in comparison with an older, slower plane utilized by Airline B on the identical route. Airways additionally make use of completely different route methods. Some might prioritize direct routes, minimizing journey time, whereas others make the most of hub-and-spoke fashions, requiring connecting flights and doubtlessly extending general journey length. An airline prioritizing direct flights from Louisiana to New York gives passengers a quicker journey possibility in comparison with an airline routing all Louisiana flights by way of a connecting hub.

Past plane kind and routing, airline schedules and operational effectivity additional affect journey time. Airways with extra frequent direct flights present better flexibility and doubtlessly cut back general journey length by eliminating prolonged layovers. Operational effectivity, encompassing components akin to on-time efficiency and baggage dealing with procedures, can even impression journey time. An airline identified for constant on-time departures and environment friendly baggage dealing with minimizes potential delays, contributing to a smoother and doubtlessly quicker journey expertise in comparison with an airline with a historical past of delays and baggage points.

Understanding the affect of airline alternative on journey time empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable choices. Researching airline routes, plane sorts, and operational efficiency offers invaluable insights for optimizing journey plans. Selecting an airline with direct routes, fashionable plane, and a powerful monitor file of on-time efficiency can considerably cut back general journey time between Louisiana and New York. Recognizing these components permits vacationers to prioritize effectivity and choose probably the most appropriate airline for his or her particular wants.

5. Plane Sort

Plane kind considerably influences flight length between Louisiana and New York. Completely different plane possess various cruising speeds, passenger capacities, and gasoline efficiencies, all of which contribute to the general journey time. Understanding the connection between plane kind and flight length empowers vacationers to make knowledgeable choices and doubtlessly optimize their itineraries.

  • Cruising Velocity

    The cruising pace of an plane instantly correlates with flight time. A jet with a better cruising pace will naturally cowl the gap between Louisiana and New York quicker than a turboprop plane with a decrease cruising pace. For instance, a Boeing 737, generally used for home flights, has a considerably greater cruising pace than a smaller regional jet just like the Embraer ERJ-145, leading to a shorter flight time for a similar route.

  • Passenger Capability

    Whereas in a roundabout way impacting airspeed, passenger capability can not directly affect flight length. Bigger plane typically serve busier routes and will expertise longer boarding and deplaning occasions, doubtlessly including to the general journey time. As an illustration, a completely loaded Airbus A320 may require extra time for passenger boarding and disembarking in comparison with a smaller Bombardier CRJ, doubtlessly affecting the entire time from gate to gate.

  • Gasoline Effectivity

    Gasoline effectivity, whereas primarily an financial consideration for airways, can not directly impression flight time. Extra fuel-efficient plane might enable for extra direct routing, avoiding much less environment friendly flight paths or the necessity for refueling stops, notably on longer routes. Whereas the impression on flights between Louisiana and New York is likely to be minimal, this issue can turn into extra vital on transcontinental or worldwide flights.

  • Vary

    The plane’s vary, figuring out the utmost distance it will probably fly with out refueling, can affect route choices and consequently flight length. Sure plane sorts may necessitate a refueling cease on longer routes, including to the entire journey time. Whereas that is much less prone to be an element on flights between Louisiana and New York, it turns into related when contemplating longer flights or these originating from smaller airports with restricted direct route choices.

Contemplating plane kind offers vacationers with invaluable perception for estimating and doubtlessly minimizing flight length. Whereas direct flight schedules primarily decide general journey time, understanding the traits of various plane permits for a extra nuanced understanding of the components contributing to the entire journey size between Louisiana and New York. This data empowers vacationers to pick airways working most well-liked plane sorts, doubtlessly maximizing effectivity and aligning their journey expertise with their time constraints.

6. Time of 12 months

Time of yr considerably influences flight length between Louisiana and New York. Seasonal climate patterns, air visitors quantity, and airline scheduling practices all contribute to variations in journey time all year long. Understanding these seasonal influences permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and plan accordingly.

Winter climate, notably within the Northeast, incessantly causes flight delays and cancellations. Snowstorms, ice, and freezing temperatures can disrupt airport operations, resulting in longer taxi occasions, de-icing procedures, and potential flight diversions. These disruptions can considerably prolong journey time, even for direct flights. Throughout peak journey seasons like Thanksgiving, Christmas, and New 12 months’s, elevated air visitors quantity contributes to congestion, doubtlessly inflicting delays each on the bottom and within the air. Greater demand throughout these durations additionally results in fuller flights, rising boarding and deplaning occasions, additional affecting general journey length. Conversely, in the course of the low season, sometimes the spring and fall shoulder months, air visitors is usually lighter, resulting in fewer delays and doubtlessly shorter journey occasions.

Airline scheduling practices additionally fluctuate seasonally. Airways typically improve flight frequency throughout peak seasons to accommodate greater demand, however this could additionally contribute to airport congestion. Conversely, in the course of the low season, airways might cut back flight frequency or make the most of smaller plane, doubtlessly rising the chance of connecting flights and impacting general journey time. Recognizing the affect of seasonal components on flight length allows proactive journey planning. Consulting historic flight knowledge and contemplating real-time climate forecasts throughout winter months or peak seasons permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and alter itineraries accordingly. Flexibility and buffer time constructed into journey plans can mitigate the impression of seasonal differences on general journey length between Louisiana and New York.

7. Climate Situations

Climate circumstances play a essential function in figuring out flight length between Louisiana and New York. Hostile climate could cause vital delays, impacting each departure and arrival occasions. Understanding the affect of assorted climate phenomena on flight operations permits vacationers to anticipate potential disruptions and alter journey plans accordingly.

  • Departure Airport Situations

    Extreme climate on the departure airport in Louisiana, akin to thunderstorms, fog, or sturdy winds, can result in floor delays, flight cancellations, or diversions. These circumstances can impression flight schedules, doubtlessly inflicting cascading delays for connecting flights and rising general journey time. For instance, a thunderstorm in New Orleans might delay the departure of a flight certain for New York, inflicting passengers to overlook connecting flights and considerably extending their journey.

  • Arrival Airport Situations

    Equally, opposed climate on the vacation spot airport in New York, notably throughout winter months, can considerably impression flight length. Heavy snow, ice, or low visibility circumstances could cause arrival delays, holding patterns, and even diversions to alternate airports. Flights approaching New York throughout a blizzard might expertise vital delays on account of air visitors congestion and de-icing procedures, including to the general journey time.

  • En Route Climate Methods

    Climate programs alongside the flight path, even when in a roundabout way impacting departure or arrival airports, can even affect flight length. Turbulence, sturdy headwinds, or the necessity to navigate round storm programs can improve flight time and doubtlessly trigger passenger discomfort. A flight encountering sudden turbulence en path to New York may have to regulate its flight path or altitude, resulting in an extended flight length.

  • Influence on Air Site visitors Management

    Climate circumstances typically necessitate changes to air visitors management procedures. Diminished visibility, sturdy winds, or the presence of thunderstorms can require better spacing between plane, impacting airport capability and doubtlessly inflicting delays. These air visitors management changes, whereas important for security, can contribute to elevated flight occasions, notably in congested airspace round main airports like these serving New York.

Contemplating climate circumstances is crucial for correct journey planning between Louisiana and New York. Monitoring climate forecasts for each departure and arrival areas, in addition to alongside the flight path, permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and alter itineraries accordingly. Flexibility and buffer time included into journey plans can mitigate the impression of unexpected weather-related disruptions, guaranteeing a smoother and extra predictable journey expertise. Using real-time flight monitoring instruments and staying knowledgeable about airline journey advisories additional empowers vacationers to navigate potential weather-related challenges and reduce disruptions to their journeys.

8. Air Site visitors Management

Air Site visitors Management (ATC) performs an important function in figuring out flight length between Louisiana and New York. ATC manages the stream of plane, guaranteeing protected separation and environment friendly utilization of airspace. This instantly impacts flight occasions, as ATC directions dictate taxiing procedures, departure sequencing, en route routing, and strategy patterns. Delays in acquiring ATC clearances, whether or not on account of congestion, climate circumstances, or different unexpected circumstances, instantly improve general journey time. For instance, a flight departing from Louisiana might expertise delays on the tarmac awaiting clearance for takeoff on account of heavy visitors on the vacation spot airport in New York. Equally, en route, ATC may direct flights to change their course or altitude to take care of protected separation from different plane or navigate round climate programs, doubtlessly impacting flight length. The complexity of airspace administration, notably in densely trafficked areas just like the Northeast hall, necessitates exact coordination by ATC, which instantly influences the time plane spend within the air.

The effectivity of ATC operations considerably influences how lengthy flights take to finish their journeys. Throughout peak hours or inclement climate, elevated air visitors quantity and airspace restrictions can result in delays. ATC should handle these challenges successfully to reduce disruptions and preserve protected operations. As an illustration, during times of heavy snowfall in New York, arrival sequencing and touchdown procedures turn into extra complicated, doubtlessly resulting in elevated flight occasions as plane are held in holding patterns awaiting clearance to land. The flexibility of ATC to adapt to dynamic circumstances and handle visitors stream effectively instantly impacts the length of flights between Louisiana and New York. Efficient communication between pilots and air visitors controllers is essential for easy operations, guaranteeing that flights adhere to their assigned routes and schedules whereas sustaining security requirements. Technological developments in ATC programs, akin to NextGen, purpose to enhance effectivity and cut back delays by way of extra exact monitoring and optimized routing.

Understanding the impression of ATC on flight length offers vacationers with invaluable context for deciphering flight schedules and anticipating potential delays. Recognizing that ATC performs a pivotal function, alongside components like climate and plane kind, permits for a extra complete understanding of the complexities influencing journey time between Louisiana and New York. This consciousness empowers vacationers to plan extra successfully, incorporating buffer time into itineraries and using real-time flight monitoring sources to remain knowledgeable about potential delays brought on by ATC directions or airspace congestion. Finally, the seamless integration of ATC inside the broader aviation ecosystem is crucial for minimizing journey time and guaranteeing the protected and environment friendly motion of air visitors between Louisiana and New York.

9. Day of the Week

Day of the week considerably influences flight length between Louisiana and New York. Journey demand fluctuates all through the week, impacting flight schedules, air visitors quantity, and consequently, general journey time. Understanding these day-of-week variations permits vacationers to anticipate potential delays and make knowledgeable choices concerning flight bookings.

  • Weekday vs. Weekend Journey

    Enterprise journey sometimes peaks throughout weekdays, notably on Mondays and Fridays, leading to greater demand for flights between Louisiana and New York. Elevated passenger quantity on lately can result in longer boarding occasions, elevated air visitors congestion, and a better chance of delays. Conversely, weekends typically expertise decrease enterprise journey demand, doubtlessly leading to shorter flight occasions on account of diminished congestion and extra environment friendly airport operations. Leisure journey patterns might fluctuate, with potential will increase throughout vacation weekends.

  • Peak Journey Days

    Sure days of the week constantly expertise greater journey demand. Friday evenings and Sunday afternoons are sometimes peak journey occasions for each enterprise and leisure vacationers, resulting in elevated airport congestion and potential flight delays. Flights scheduled throughout these peak durations are extra vulnerable to delays on account of greater air visitors quantity and potential floor delays throughout taxi, takeoff, and touchdown. Selecting much less congested journey days, akin to mid-week flights on Tuesdays or Wednesdays, might cut back general journey time.

  • Airline Scheduling Practices

    Airways alter their flight schedules based mostly on anticipated demand all through the week. Extra flights are sometimes supplied on peak journey days, rising the frequency of exits and arrivals. Whereas this gives extra scheduling choices, it additionally contributes to airport congestion. Conversely, fewer flights could also be obtainable on much less fashionable journey days, doubtlessly necessitating connecting flights or longer layovers, not directly impacting general journey time.

  • Influence on Connecting Flights

    Day of the week can considerably affect the length of connecting flights. Peak journey days improve the chance of delays for connecting flights on account of greater air visitors quantity and potential cascading delays from earlier flights. A delayed flight on a Friday afternoon from Louisiana to a connecting hub might trigger passengers to overlook their onward flight to New York, considerably extending general journey time. Selecting much less congested journey days or choosing direct flights each time attainable can mitigate this threat.

Integrating day-of-week issues into journey planning contributes to extra correct estimations of flight length between Louisiana and New York. Evaluating historic flight knowledge for particular routes on completely different days of the week offers insights into typical delays and potential variations in journey time. Deciding on much less congested journey days, avoiding peak hours, and contemplating the potential impression on connecting flights empowers vacationers to optimize itineraries and reduce potential disruptions, in the end contributing to a extra environment friendly and predictable journey expertise.

Regularly Requested Questions

This part addresses frequent inquiries concerning flight durations between Louisiana and New York, offering concise and informative responses.

Query 1: What’s the common flight time between Louisiana and New York?

The common flight time varies considerably relying on the particular origin and vacation spot airports. Direct flights from New Orleans to New York Metropolis sometimes vary from 2.5 to three.5 hours. Nevertheless, flights from different Louisiana cities or to completely different New York airports might require connecting flights, rising the general journey time.

Query 2: How do climate circumstances have an effect on flight occasions?

Hostile climate, akin to storms, fog, or heavy snow, could cause vital flight delays and even cancellations. Winter climate within the Northeast, particularly, incessantly impacts flights to New York. Checking climate forecasts earlier than departure is essential.

Query 3: Are direct flights all the time quicker than connecting flights?

Whereas direct flights usually provide the shortest journey time, connecting flights can typically be comparable if layover durations are minimal. Nevertheless, connecting flights introduce the danger of missed connections on account of potential delays, which may considerably prolong general journey time.

Query 4: How does the day of the week impression flight length?

Journey demand sometimes peaks on weekdays, particularly Mondays and Fridays, resulting in elevated air visitors and potential delays. Weekends, notably Saturdays, typically expertise much less congestion and doubtlessly shorter journey occasions.

Query 5: How can I discover probably the most up-to-date flight info?

Consulting real-time flight monitoring web sites or apps offers probably the most present info concerning flight schedules, delays, and gate info. Checking instantly with the chosen airline can be really useful.

Query 6: What components needs to be thought-about when reserving flights to reduce journey time?

Deciding on direct flights each time attainable, contemplating the geographical location of each departure and arrival airports, checking historic flight knowledge for particular routes, and being aware of day-of-week journey patterns all contribute to minimizing potential journey time.

Understanding these components aids in knowledgeable decision-making for environment friendly journey planning between Louisiana and New York. Correct estimations of journey time necessitate contemplating the interaction of those components, permitting for a extra sensible and predictable journey expertise.

For additional info and particular route particulars, seek the advice of on-line journey sources and airline web sites.

Suggestions for Optimizing Louisiana to New York Flight Time

Minimizing journey time between Louisiana and New York requires cautious consideration of a number of key components. The next ideas present sensible steerage for optimizing flight itineraries and guaranteeing environment friendly journey.

Tip 1: Prioritize Direct Flights: Direct flights remove layover occasions and the danger of missed connections, considerably decreasing general journey length. Whereas doubtlessly costlier, the time saved typically justifies the fee, notably for time-sensitive journey.

Tip 2: Strategically Select Airports: Deciding on departure and arrival airports geographically nearer to remaining locations minimizes floor transportation time. Think about airport dimension and potential congestion ranges, particularly throughout peak seasons.

Tip 3: Think about Day of Week and Time of Day: Weekday journey, notably Mondays and Fridays, typically experiences greater demand and elevated congestion. Choosing mid-week flights or much less fashionable journey occasions can doubtlessly cut back delays and shorten general journey length. Keep away from peak departure and arrival occasions each time attainable.

Tip 4: Monitor Climate Forecasts: Climate, particularly throughout winter months, can considerably disrupt flight schedules. Staying knowledgeable about climate circumstances at each departure and arrival airports permits for proactive changes to journey plans and mitigates the impression of potential delays.

Tip 5: Make the most of Actual-Time Flight Monitoring: Actual-time flight monitoring instruments present up-to-the-minute info concerning flight standing, delays, and gate adjustments. Staying knowledgeable empowers vacationers to adapt to unexpected circumstances and handle journey time successfully.

Tip 6: Analysis Airline Efficiency: Airways fluctuate of their on-time efficiency and operational effectivity. Selecting airways with a powerful monitor file of punctuality minimizes the danger of delays. Think about airline-specific route maps and plane sorts, as these components additionally affect flight length.

Tip 7: Ebook Flights in Advance: Reserving flights properly upfront typically secures higher fares and offers better flexibility in selecting most well-liked flight occasions and routes. Early reserving permits for strategic choice of direct flights and optimum departure and arrival occasions, contributing to minimized journey length.

Tip 8: Think about Floor Transportation: Account for journey time to and from airports, together with potential visitors congestion or delays in floor transportation. Integrating this issue into general journey planning ensures correct estimations of complete journey length.

By implementing the following pointers, vacationers can considerably cut back general journey time between Louisiana and New York. Strategic planning and knowledgeable decision-making contribute to a extra environment friendly and predictable journey expertise.

This concludes the dialogue of optimizing Louisiana to New York flight occasions. The following part will summarize key findings and provide concluding remarks.

Conclusion

This exploration of things influencing Louisiana to New York flight occasions reveals the complexity of air journey planning. Components akin to origin and vacation spot airport selections, airline choice, plane kind, time of yr, climate circumstances, air visitors management, and day of the week all contribute to general journey length. Direct flights usually provide the quickest possibility, whereas connecting flights introduce the danger of delays and prolonged layovers. Climate, notably throughout winter months, can considerably disrupt flight schedules, and air visitors management performs an important function in managing airspace and minimizing delays. Peak journey days and occasions typically expertise elevated congestion, doubtlessly impacting flight durations.

Environment friendly journey between Louisiana and New York requires strategic planning and knowledgeable decision-making. Cautious consideration of those components, mixed with proactive monitoring of climate forecasts and real-time flight info, empowers vacationers to optimize itineraries and reduce potential journey disruptions. Finally, a complete understanding of those components facilitates a extra predictable and environment friendly journey expertise between these two states.