Arizona boasts a diverse reptile population, and while venomous snakes like rattlesnakes garner much attention, the state is also home to a fascinating array of non-venomous species. Understanding these snakes is crucial for safe coexistence and appreciating the rich biodiversity of the Arizona ecosystem. This guide will explore the common non-venomous snakes found in Arizona, addressing frequently asked questions and offering identification tips.
What are some common non-venomous snakes in Arizona?
Arizona's non-venomous snake population is surprisingly varied. Some of the most frequently encountered include:
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Great Basin Gophersnake ( Pituophis catenifer deserticola): A large, robust snake often mistaken for a rattlesnake due to its size and tendency to vibrate its tail when threatened. However, it lacks rattles and possesses a docile temperament. They are primarily fossorial (burrowing) and prey on rodents.
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Long-nosed Snake (Rhinocheilus lecontei): A relatively small, slender snake with a distinctive long, upturned snout. Its coloration is often a blend of browns, tans, and reds, providing excellent camouflage. They are primarily nocturnal and feed on lizards and other small reptiles.
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Sonoran Coachwhip (Masticophis bilineatus): A strikingly beautiful snake known for its whip-like body and sleek appearance. They are fast-moving and agile, often found in open habitats. They feed mainly on lizards and other snakes.
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Western Ground Snake (Sonora semiannulata): A small, secretive snake often found under rocks and logs. They are typically brown or gray with dark markings. They are adept hunters of insects and other invertebrates.
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Arizona Coral Snake (Sonora microscale): While possessing a venomous relative, this snake is non-venomous. Often confused with its venomous counterpart, the Arizona Coral Snake showcases a unique color pattern crucial for correct identification (discussed below).
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Several species of racers and whipsnakes: These are generally slender, fast-moving snakes that consume lizards, rodents, and other snakes.
How can I tell the difference between a venomous and non-venomous snake in Arizona?
Differentiating between venomous and non-venomous snakes requires careful observation and understanding of key characteristics. While there are exceptions, some general guidelines include:
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Pupil Shape: Venomous snakes (like rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths) typically have elliptical or cat-like pupils, while non-venomous snakes often have round pupils.
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Head Shape: Venomous pit vipers (rattlesnakes, copperheads, and cottonmouths) possess triangular-shaped heads due to their venom glands, while non-venomous snakes typically have more rounded or oval heads.
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Presence of Heat-Sensing Pits: Pit vipers have heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils. These pits detect infrared radiation emitted by warm-blooded prey. Non-venomous snakes lack these pits.
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Color Pattern: While not a foolproof method, distinct color patterns can sometimes help differentiate venomous from non-venomous snakes. However, relying solely on color can be misleading.
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Defensive Behavior: Rattlesnakes will typically rattle their tail as a warning, whereas non-venomous snakes may vibrate their tail against vegetation, flee, or play dead.
What should I do if I encounter a snake in Arizona?
The best approach when encountering a snake in Arizona is to leave it alone. Observe it from a safe distance and allow it to go about its business. Most snakes are not aggressive and will only bite if they feel threatened. If you feel threatened, slowly back away, maintaining eye contact. Never attempt to handle or kill a snake.
Are there any non-venomous snakes in Arizona that are dangerous?
While Arizona's non-venomous snakes are generally harmless to humans, some larger species like the Great Basin Gophersnake can deliver a painful bite if provoked. Their bite is not medically significant, however, and usually doesn't require medical attention. Remember, respecting their space will prevent any unwanted encounters.
How can I identify Arizona Coral Snakes?
The Arizona Coral Snake's distinctive coloration helps distinguish it from its mimics. Remember the rhyme: "Red on yellow, kill a fellow; red on black, venom lack." This refers to the band patterns: the venomous coral snake has red bands adjacent to yellow bands, while harmless mimics have red bands next to black bands. However, relying solely on this rhyme isn't always accurate and close examination is needed for certain identification.
Conclusion
Understanding and appreciating the diversity of Arizona's non-venomous snakes enhances our connection to the natural world. By practicing safe observation and responsible behavior, we can coexist peacefully with these fascinating creatures and contribute to their conservation. Remember, if you are uncertain about the identification of a snake, it is always best to err on the side of caution and seek expert advice.
