Identifying snakes can be tricky, especially when dealing with venomous species like copperheads. Often, harmless snakes like the northern water snake are mistaken for venomous ones, leading to unnecessary fear and even the death of the snake. This comprehensive guide will help you confidently distinguish between a northern water snake and a copperhead, focusing on key physical characteristics and behaviors.
How to Tell a Northern Water Snake from a Copperhead: Key Differences
The most crucial step in differentiating these two snakes lies in carefully observing their physical characteristics. While both inhabit similar habitats, their appearance offers distinct clues.
Pattern and Coloration:
- Northern Water Snake: These snakes exhibit highly variable coloration, ranging from olive-brown to nearly black. Their pattern is typically composed of dark, irregular crossbands or blotches that are often broken and indistinct. They may also have a lighter belly with dark spots or streaks. Juveniles often have brighter colors with more defined markings.
- Copperhead: Copperheads possess a characteristic pattern of reddish-brown, hourglass-shaped crossbands on a light brown or tan background. These bands are clearly defined and typically extend across the entire width of the snake's body. The head is often a distinct copper color, hence the name.
Head Shape:
- Northern Water Snake: Northern water snakes have a more broadly rounded head that is not distinctly separated from the neck.
- Copperhead: Copperheads possess a triangular-shaped head that is noticeably wider than their neck. This is a key identifying feature.
Pupil Shape:
- Northern Water Snake: Northern water snakes have round pupils.
- Copperhead: Copperheads have elliptical or slit-like pupils.
Heat-Sensing Pits:
- Northern Water Snake: Northern water snakes lack heat-sensing pits.
- Copperhead: Copperheads, like other pit vipers, possess heat-sensing pits located between their eyes and nostrils. These pits help them detect warm-blooded prey.
What are the Habitats of Northern Water Snakes and Copperheads?
Understanding where you're likely to encounter these snakes can aid in identification.
Northern Water Snake Habitat: These snakes are aquatic or semi-aquatic, preferring areas near water sources like rivers, lakes, ponds, marshes, and swamps. They are frequently found near shorelines and in rocky areas.
Copperhead Habitat: While adaptable, copperheads prefer upland habitats, such as rocky outcrops, forests, and fields. They may also be found near water sources, but are less directly associated with aquatic environments than northern water snakes.
What to Do if You Encounter a Snake:
Regardless of whether you identify a snake as a harmless northern water snake or a venomous copperhead, it's best to maintain a safe distance. Never attempt to handle any wild snake, and always give them space to move away. If you're concerned about a snake on your property, contact your local animal control or wildlife removal service.
Are Northern Water Snakes Venomous?
No, northern water snakes are non-venomous. Although they may bite defensively if threatened, their bite is not medically significant.
Are Copperheads Aggressive?
Copperheads are generally not aggressive and will usually try to avoid conflict. However, they will bite if they feel threatened, cornered, or stepped on. Their venom is medically significant and requires immediate medical attention.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
Here are some frequently asked questions about these two snakes to further clarify the differences:
What's the size difference between a northern water snake and a copperhead?
Both species can vary in size depending on their age and environment. Generally, adult northern water snakes are longer than copperheads, sometimes reaching over 4 feet in length, whereas copperheads typically reach a maximum length of around 3 feet.
Can a northern water snake mimic a copperhead?
While the coloration of northern water snakes can sometimes superficially resemble a copperhead, the crucial differences in pattern (indistinct vs. distinct hourglass markings), head shape (rounded vs. triangular), and pupil shape (round vs. elliptical) readily distinguish the two.
Where are northern water snakes and copperheads found?
Northern water snakes are found throughout eastern North America, close to water sources. Copperheads also inhabit eastern North America but generally prefer drier upland habitats. Their geographic ranges overlap significantly.
How can I protect myself from copperhead bites?
Be cautious when hiking or spending time in areas where copperheads are known to live. Wear sturdy footwear, avoid reaching into crevices or under rocks, and carefully check your surroundings before sitting or stepping down.
This detailed comparison should help you differentiate between a northern water snake and a copperhead. Remember, if you are unsure about a snake's identity, it's always best to err on the side of caution and avoid contact. Learning to recognize these snakes is the best way to prevent accidental encounters and ensure your safety.
